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9johno&rso;sullivan,&ldo;annexation,&rdo;unitedstatesagazeanddeocraticreview,july–augt1845,5
10johncyadas,&ldo;anaddressdeliveredatthereestoftheitteeofcitizensofwashgton,4july1821&rdo;(washgton,dc:davisandforce,1821),28–29
11ibid
12&ldo;从东往西迁移&rdo;从理论上讲,是指世界统治权的转移,即最高政治权力宝座的时空变化:从巴比伦和波斯到希腊,到罗马,到法国或德国,再到英国和(摩尔斯设想的)美国。
乔治&iddot;伯克莱(eberkeley)在&ldo;关于美洲艺术和学识前景的诗歌&rdo;中就有如下著名的诗句:
帝国走向西行之路;前四节已经落幕,第五节是大戏的终点,最后往往是关键一步。
13jedidiahorse,thearicanography;or,aviewofthepresentsituationoftheunitedstatesofarica,2nded(london:johnstockdale,1792),468–69,asexcerptedanifestdestyandaricanterritorialexpansion:abriefhistorywithdocunts,edaysgreenberg(boston:bedfordstart&rso;s,2012),
14johno&rso;sullivan,&ldo;thegreatnationoffuturity,&rdo;unitedstatesagazeanddeocraticreview,noveber1839,426–27
15o&rso;sullivan,&ldo;annexation,&rdo;9–10
16seeaandaforean,aworldonfire:brita&rso;scrucialrolethearicancivilwar(newyork:randohoe,2011);howardjones,beandgraydiploacy:ahistoryofunionandnfederateforeignrelations(插pelhill:universityofnorthcarolapress,2009)
17forean,worldonfire,784美国武装部队人员从南北战争结束时的1034064人下降到18个月后的正规军54302人、志愿军11000人。
18fareedzakaria,frowealthtopower:theunualorigsofarica&rso;sworldrole(prceton,nj:prcetonuniversitypress,1998),47
19grovercleveland,firstauguraladdress,arch4,1885,thepublicpapersofgrovercleveland(washgton,dc:governntprtgoffice,1889),8
20thoasgpatern,jgarryclifford,andkenhjhagan,aricanforeignpolicy:ahistory(le性ton,ass:dcheath,1977),189
21theodoreroosevelt,auguraladdress,arch4,1905,unitedstatesngressionalserialset484(washgton,dc:governntprtgoffice,1905),559
22theodoreroosevelt,&ldo;ternationalpeace,&rdo;nobellecture,ay5,1910,peace:1901–1925:nobellectures(sgapore:worldscientificpublishg,1999),106
23roosevelt&rso;sstatenttongress,1902,otedjohnortonb,therepublicanroosevelt(cabrid,ass:harvarduniversitypress,1967),137
24roosevelttosprgrice,deceber21,1907,theselectedlettersoftheodoreroosevelt,edhwbrands(lanha,d:rowan≈littlefield,2001),465
25theodoreroosevelt,reviewofthefenceofseapoweruponhistory,byalfredthayerahan,atlanticonthly,october1890
26theodoreroosevelt,&ldo;thestrenuolife,&rdo;thestrenuolife:essaysandaddresses(newyork:century,1905),9
27当德国和英国战舰1902年向长期负债累累的委内瑞拉行进,准备强制收回一笔早就逾期的贷款时,罗斯福要求两国保证不得以追债方式寻求领土和政治扩张。
但德国代表只承诺放弃&ldo;永久性&rdo;占有领土(留下了建立期限99年的租界的可能,如英国在埃及以及英国、德国在中国所做的那样),罗斯福于是威胁发动战争。
他随即派一支美国舰队挥师南下,并把委内瑞拉海港的地图发放给媒体。